A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding discovery that a sudden increase in the volume of traffic through an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does.
Sebuah studi rintisan oleh Donald Appleyard membuat penemuan mengejutkan di mana peningkatan tiba-tiba volume lalu-lintas melewati sebuah area mempengaruhi orang sama halnya dengan peningkatan kejahatan secara tiba-tiba.
Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and had the same kind of middle-class and working-class residents, with approximately the same ethnic mix.
Appleyard mengamati ini dengan mencari tiga blok perumahan di San Fransisco yang terlihat mirip dan memiliki penghuni golongan menengah dan golongan pekerja yang sama, dengan percampuran etnis yang kurang lebih sama.
The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street (LIGHT street, in Appleyard’s terminology)
Perbedaannya adalah hanya 2.000 mobil melewati Octavia Street per hari (jalan RINGAN, dalam istilah Appleyard)
while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000 cars daily,
sementara Gough Street (jalan MEDIUM) digunakan 8.000 mobil setiap hari,
and Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day.
dan Franklin Street (jalan BERAT) memiliki sekitar 16.000 mobil per hari.
Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day.
Seringkali jumlah mobil yang melewati Franklin Street dalam satu jam sama banyaknya dengan yang melewati Octavia Street dalam satu hari.
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily.
Lalu-lintas padat membawa bahaya, kebisingan, asap, dan jelaga secara langsung dan sampah secara tidak langsung.
That is, the cars didn’t bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up.
Artinya, mobil-mobil itu tidak membawa banyak sampah, tapi ketika sampah itu terakumulasi, warga jarang mengambilnya.
The cars, Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for.
Appleyard berpendapat bahwa mobil-mobil itu mengurangi jumlah teritori di mana mereka merasa bertanggung jawab.
Noise was a constant intrusion into their homes.
Kebisingan adalah gangguan tetap di rumah mereka.
Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses.
Banyak warga Franklin street menutup pintu dan jendal mereka dan menghabiskan sebagian besar waktu mereka di bagian belakang rumah mereka.
Most families with children had already left.
Sebagian besar keluarga yang memiliki anak-anak telah meninggalkan area itu.
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different.
Kondisi di Octaviav Street sangat jauh berbeda.
Residents picked up trash.
Warga memungut sampah.
They sat on their front steps and chatted with neighbors.
Mereka duduk di teras depan mereka dan berbincang-bincang dengan tetangga.
They had three times as many friends and twice as many acquaintances as the people on Franklin.
Mereka memiliki teman tiga kali lebih banyak dan kenalan dua kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan warga di Franklin Street.
On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic increased.
Di Gough Streer, warga mengatakan bahwa rasa kebersamaan jaman dulu mulai menghilang ketika lalu-lintas meningkat.
People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives.
Orang-orang menjadi lebih sibuk dengan dengan hidup mereka sendiri.
A number of families had recently moved, and more were considering it.
Sejumlah keluarga telah berpindah dan banyak lagi yang mempertimbangkan pindah.
Those who were staying expressed deep regret at the destruction of their community.
Mereka yang tinggal menyampaikan penyesalan mendalam atas penghancuran komunitas mereka.
1. The word “astounding” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) startling
(B) disappointing
(C) dubious
(D) alternative
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) startling
– astounding = startling = mengejutkan
2. The three streets mentioned in this passage are different in that
(A) they are in different cities
(B) the residents are of different ethnic backgrounds
(C) they have varying amounts of traffic
(D) the income levels of the residents vary considerably
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) they have varying amounts of traffic
(mereka memiliki jumlah lalu-lintas yang berbeda-beda)
3. Approximately how many cars use Franklin Street daily?
(A) 2,000
(B) 8,000
(C) 16,000
(D) 20,000
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) 16,000
Ini bisa disimpulkan dari:
and Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day.
dan Franklin Street (jalan BERAT) memiliki sekitar 16.000 mobil per hari.
4. All of the following are direct results of heavy traffic EXCEPT
(A) increased amounts of trash
(B) greater danger to residents
(C) more pollution
(D) more vibrations
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) increased amounts of trash
(jumlah sampah yang meningkat)
Ini bisa disimpulkan dari:
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily.
Lalu-lintas padat membawa bahaya, kebisingan, asap, dan jelaga secara langsung dan sampah secara tidak langsung.
Kalimat ini menunjukkan bahwa sampah bukanlah hasil langsung dari lalu-lintas yang padat.
5. The author’s main purpose in the second paragraph is to
(A) discuss the problems of trash disposal
(B) point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic
(C) propose an alternate system of transportation
(D) suggest ways to cope with traffic problems
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic
(menunjukkan kerugian lalu-lintas yang padat)
6. On which street is there the most social interaction?
(A) Octavia Street
(B) Gough Street
(C) Franklin Street
(D) There is no significant social interaction on any of the three streets.
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) Octavia Street
Ini bisa disimpulkan dari:
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different.
Kondisi di Octaviav Street sangat jauh berbeda.
Residents picked up trash.
Warga memungut sampah.
They sat on their front steps and chatted with neighbors.
Mereka duduk di teras depan mereka dan berbincang-bincang dengan tetangga.
7. The word “chatted” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) joked
(B) talked
(C) argued
(D) walked
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) talked
– chat = talk = berbicara
8. Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of Gough Street?
(A) People on this street are unhappy because the neighborhood is deteriorating.
(B) People on this street think mostly of themselves.
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible.
(D) A number of people are preparing to leave this street.
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible.
(Orang-orang di jalan ini memiliki lebih banyak ruang di mana mereka merasa bertanggung jawab)
Ini bisa disimpulkan dari:
On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic increased.
Di Gough Streer, warga mengatakan bahwa rasa kebersamaan jaman dulu mulai menghilang ketika lalu-lintas meningkat.
People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives.
Orang-orang menjadi lebih sibuk dengan dengan hidup mereka sendiri.
9. In what order does the author present detailed discussions of the three streets?
(A) LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY
(B) HEAVY, MEDIUM, LIGHT
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM
(D) LIGHT, HEAVY, MEDIUM
Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM
Dalam bacaan, penulis membahas dengan detail jalan-jalan dengan urutan
– Franklin Street (HEAVY) – paragraf 2
– Octavia Street (LIGHT) – paragraf 3
– Gough Street (MEDIUM) – paragraf 4